|
 |
|
ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
|
|
| Year : 2020 | Volume
: 15
| Issue : 3 | Page : 204-213 |
| |
Giant tuberculomas of brain: Rare neoplastic mimic
Chandradev Sahu1, Nishant Bhargava2, Vivek Singh2, Pranav Dwivedi2
1 Department of Neuroradiology, Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Medical College (PT JNMC), Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
2 Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| Date of Submission | 05-Jun-2019 |
| Date of Decision | 18-Nov-2019 |
| Date of Acceptance | 30-Mar-2020 |
| Date of Web Publication | 06-Nov-2020 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Nishant Bhargava
Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGI), New PMSSY Rd, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/jpn.JPN_78_19
 Abstract | | |
Objective: Tuberculosis continues to be a major infectious disease in developing parts of the world. Primarily central nervous system tuberculosis manifests as meningitis, tuberculoma, or a brain abscess; however, rarely it may manifest as a large neoplastic mass such as lesion known as giant tuberculoma. Especially in central parts of India, the incidence of giant tuberculoma is quite high in pediatric population that too in posterior fossa of brain. Often, they are wrongly reported as neoplastic masses on imaging. The objective of this study was to evaluate different imaging appearances of a giant tuberculoma. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, all cases of giant tuberculoma presenting to a large tertiary care center in central India for 2 years (duration 2016–2018) were imaged and followed up. A total of nine patients, six females and three males, aged 4–16 years were studied on a 3-Tesla Siemens magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Results: In total, nine patients were included with 11 giant tuberculomas. Of 11, eight were infratentorial and three were supratentorial in location. On T2-weighted image sequence, these lesions showed central hypointensity with a peripheral hyperintense rim. Most observed finding on T1-weighted image sequence was central isointensity with peripheral hyperintense rim. Advanced imaging sequences such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetization transfer were also applied. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest series of giant tuberculoma in the pediatric population reported so far in any part of the world. We have described the various MRI imaging findings of this lesion in great details. Management of such rare cases and pertinent literature is reviewed briefly.
Keywords: Giant tuberculoma, neoplastic mimicker, pediatric population, posterior fossa
How to cite this article:
Sahu C, Bhargava N, Singh V, Dwivedi P. Giant tuberculomas of brain: Rare neoplastic mimic. J Pediatr Neurosci 2020;15:204-13 |
| Introduction | |  |
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease, which continues to be of major concern particularly in developing countries such as India.[1] Primarily a pulmonary disease, TB can affect multiple organs.[2] Involvement of central nervous system (CNS) takes place in approximately 5%–10% of all cases suffering with TB. It manifests as meningitis, tuberculoma, and brain abscess in CNS. In pediatric population, children with immunocompromised state, congenital heart disease, or on immunosuppressive drugs are particularly prone.[3] Tuberculomas generally result from hematogenous spread from distant sources.[3] Pathologically a tuberculoma consists of central zone of caseation with surrounding capsule of collagenous tissue. Imaging and characterization of tuberculomas is much better on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared to computed tomography (CT); however, imaging features may overlap with other space occupying lesions, such as metastases, neurocysticercosis, and fungal granulomas.[4] Giant tuberculomas in posterior fossa however is a very uncommon presentation, which can easily be confused with neoplastic mass lesion. Only a few isolated case reports of such large-sized tuberculomas have been published till date. This study aimed to highlight the high incidence of such giant tuberculomas in central part of India and to discuss MRI imaging features of such lesions.
| Materials and Methods | | |
This is a prospective study, which included all patients referred for MRI for 2 years with giant tuberculomas. Term “giant tuberculoma” has never been defined according to a specific size. A PubMed search for giant tuberculoma revealed few isolated case reports with none defining a size range for a giant tuberculoma. For the purpose of this study, giant tuberculoma was defined as a lesion with size >2.5 cm and a significant mass effect. A total of nine patients, six females and three males, aged 4–16 years (mean 9.6 years) who were admitted with varied sign and symptoms of mass lesion, fever, headache, raised intracranial tension, seizures, and other constitutional symptoms, to a major tertiary center in central part of India, between July 2016 and December 2018 were included in the study. Study was conducted under an approval by the Institutional Review Board. Probable diagnosis of tuberculoma was made on the basis of typical imaging and clinical features of the lesions. MRI was performed on 3-Tesla Siemens scanner. Following the provisional radiological and clinical diagnosis, final diagnosis of TB was based on typical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) features (pleocytosis, high protein, and low sugar) and positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for tuberculous immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibody and a favorable response to antitubercular drug treatment. All patients received standard dose of antitubercular treatment for variable intervals ranging from 18 months up to 24 months. They were followed up regularly in neurology outpatient department by clinical and serial CT/MRI examinations.
| Results | | |
Clinical features
Among the presenting complaints, the most common was headache (100%) followed by vomiting (80%) and increased intracranial tension leading to papilledema (80%) and hemiparesis (20%). Extracranial involvement was seen in about third of patients in form of pulmonary TB, cervical lymphadenopathy, and Pott’s spine. Fever was seen only in those patients who had other systemic manifestations. None of the patient had past medical history of TB, but two patients had history of close contact with family member who had pulmonary TB.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings
In total, nine patients were included with 11 giant tuberculomas [Table 1]. One patient had two giant tuberculomas in both cerebellar hemispheres, respectively. Another patient had two tuberculomas, one in right parietal lobe and other in left cerebellar lobe.
Of 11, eight were infratentorial and three were supratentorial in location. In infratentorial lesions, six were located in left cerebellar hemisphere and two in right cerebellar hemisphere, respectively. Supratentorial lesions were, one each in right parietal lobe, left parietal lobe and in right thalamus.
On MRI brain, T2-weighted image (T2WI) sequence showed central hypointensity with peripheral hyperintense rim within the lesion [Figure 1] and [Figure 2]. Concentric/onion bulb like pattern of hypo- and hyperintensity on T2WI was also seen in few cases [Figure 5]. Surrounding moderate peri-lesional edema with tentorial herniation and brain-stem compression was a common finding in infratentorial lesions. Most observed finding on T1-weighted image (TIWI) was central isointensity with peripheral hyperintense rim [Figure 3]. In two of the cases central hyperintensity and a peripheral hyperintense rim separated by an isointense rim was observed [Figure 4] and [Figure 5]. Post-contrast study showed thick irregular solitary/conglomerate rings of enhancement [Figure 4] and [Figure 5]. Targetoid type of enhancement was also noted in one of the patients [Figure 3]. Honeycomb pattern of enhancement was seen in the lesion involving thalamus. | Figure 1: T2WI showing an irregular walled centrally hypointense mass lesion with peripheral hyperintense rim in left medial cerebellar lobe with moderate peri-lesional edema (A). On T1WI, the lesion appears predominantly hypo/isointense with a hyperintense rim (B). Irregular rim of peripheral enhancement is seen on post contrast T1WI (C and D). Note is also made of dilated ventricular system secondary to mass effect by giant tuberculoma
Click here to view |
 | Figure 2: T2WI showing an irregular walled mass lesion with concentric/onion bulb like layers of hyper- and hypointensity in right cerebellar lobe with peri-lesional edema (A). On T1WI, the lesion appears predominantly isointense with a thin peripheral hyperintense rim and a focus of central hypointensity (B). DWI and ADC images show no restriction (C and D). MRS image shows a distinct lipid peak (E)
Click here to view |
 | Figure 3: T2WI showing an irregular walled large lesion with concentric/onion bulb like layers of hyper- and hypointensity in left cerebellar lobe with peri-lesional edema. An eccentric area of hypointensity is present (A). On T1WI, the lesion appears predominantly hyperintense (B). Irregular thick rim of peripheral enhancement is seen on post contrast T1WI with eccentric enhancing mural nodules (targetoid pattern) (C and D). Note is also made of dilated ventricular system secondary to mass effect by giant tuberculoma
Click here to view |
 | Figure 4: T2WI showing an irregular walled lesion showing two central hypointensities surrounded by thick hyperintensity and a thin peripheral hypointense rim in left cerebellar lobe with moderate peri-lesional edema (A). On T1WI, two central hyperintensities surrounded by hypointensity and a peripheral thin hyperintense rim is seen (B). Thick irregular rim of peripheral enhancement with irregular outward projections is seen on post contrast T1WI (C and D)
Click here to view |
 | Figure 5: T2WI showing two thick walled lesions in bilateral cerebellar hemispheres showing central hypointensity surrounded by thick hyperintense rims with moderate peri-lesional edema (A). On T1WI, two central hyperintensities surrounded by alternate rings of hypo and hyperintensity are noted (B). Thick irregular rim of peripheral enhancement with small inward projections are seen on post-contrast T1WI (C and D)
Click here to view |
Strong positive magnetization transfer (MT) effect was observed where MT sequence was applied.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) revealed lipid peak, which was uniformly seen in all cases. Other findings were reduction in NAA and creatinine, with choline to creatinine ratio >1 [Figure 2].
| Discussion | | |
TB still remains the worldwide public health burden, especially in developing countries such as India.[5] CNS TB accounts for approximately 5%–10% of cases of active TB.[5],[6] Approximately 5%–10% of intracranial space occupying lesions are tuberculomas.[6] Supratentorial tuberculomas are common; however, infratentorial posterior fossa tuberculomas in pediatric age group are a rare presentation.[6] They can affect multiple organs and are usually small tumor like masses.[7] Cerebellar involvement is more commonly seen in children between 6 months and 6 years.[8] On one hand, tuberculoma is a well-known entity with characteristic imaging findings on CT and MRI; “giant tuberculomas” on the other hand have been rarely reported in literature. Extensive PubMed search reveals only few isolated case reports. But this lesion is often misdiagnosed as brain tumor and taken for surgical evacuation.
Risk factors for CNS TB are HIV, malignancy, immunosuppressive agents, age (children > adults), and alcoholism. With the increase in HIV patients, there is increase TB cases with increased CNS manifestations.[8]
Intracranial TB has a varied spectrum ranging from meningitis, miliary TB, encephalopathy, tuberculous arteriopathy, to rarer forms including space occupying mass lesions, that is, isolated or multiple tuberculomas and tuberculous abscess.[9],[10]
Tuberculomas result from hematogenous spread of tubercle bacilli to leptomeninges and brain parenchyma.[1] Of two stages of CNS TB, in first stage there is seeding of tubercle bacilli within brain parenchyma following hematogenous dissemination during primary/postprimary TB. These foci are known as “Rich foci.” After a dormant period of few months to years, second stage starts where bacilli and its antigens are released in subarachnoid space leading to tubercular meningitis. Intracranial tubercles might not rupture, instead they may enlarge within brain parenchyma and give rise to tuberculomas which are surrounded by a thick fibrous capsule.[1],[9],[10],[11] Grossly they are nodular lesions (2–12mm in size) and round to oval in shape.[12] Multiple tuberculomas very rarely may coalesces together forming a giant size mass and producing severe mass effect and focal neurological deficits.
On the contrary, a tuberculous abscess is an encapsulated collection of pus containing viable tubercular bacilli without evidence of the classic tubercular granuloma. It is important to distinguish tuberculous abscess from a granuloma with central caseation and liquefaction mimicking pus. Tuberculous abscess is attributed to low immune resistance when patients suffer from malnutrition.
Clinically giant tuberculomas present with sign and symptoms due to raised intracranial pressure and mass effect of which most common presentation is headache followed by epilepsy, features of raised intra-cranial tension, and limb weakness.[12],[13] Extracranial involvement was seen in about third of patients in form of pulmonary TB, cervical lymphadenopathy, and Pott’s spine, which suggested a clue to diagnosis of TB.
Diagnosis
In our study, probable diagnosis was based on typical imaging and clinical features. Final diagnosis was done on the basis of biopsy results in cases where surgical decompression was done, positive CSF features for TB and ELISA for tuberculous antibodies and resolution of lesions on antitubercular treatment. Radiology plays an important role in diagnosis of tuberculoma. MR has enhanced our diagnostic certainty and increased case detection.[12]
On non-contrast CT, during early stages of disease irregular hypodensity may be seen representing cerebritis. With developing inflammation and central caseation, they may appear as hypodense lesions with irregular outline, appearing as small ring enhancing lesions with perilesional edema on contrast CT. The lesions are usually larger than 20 mm, but sizes may vary from 1 to 6 cm. In the Indian scenario, a solitary ring enhancing lesion in CT scan of brain is the most common radiological finding in a young adult with a new onset seizure, with the most common etiology being neurocysticercosis (NCC) followed by tuberculoma.[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20],[21]
Conventional MRI is better than CT for anatomic delineation; however, it is difficult to differentiate tuberculoma from NCC in conventional MRI. On MRI imaging appearance varies depending on stage of maturation of tuberculoma, whether noncaseating, caseating with a solid center or caseating with a liquid center. The noncaseating tuberculomas are hypointense on T1WI, hyperintense on T2WI, and show homogenous nodular enhancement. Tuberculomas with solid caseating center appear iso- to hypointense on both TIW and T2W images with a iso- to hyperintense rim on T2W images with a peripheral rim of enhancement, whereas tuberculomas with central liquid are hypointense on T1 image and hyperintense on T2WI with peripheral hypointense rim, and rim gets enhanced on contrast study.[6],[7],[8],[9],[18],[19],[21] There may be different patterns of enhancement varying from complete ring, open rings, lobular patterns or may be irregular.[1]
Ring-chancing lesions such as neurocysticercosis, abscess, and metastases can mimic the radiological features of tuberculous on MRI; however, diagnostic efficacy can be improved by MRS and MT sequence.[18],[20],[21] Other granulomatous lesions such as sarcoid and fungal infections can also mimic tuberculoma.[22]
MRS adds a great value in diagnosing tuberculoma confidently, especially in cases with overlapping imaging features such as tuberculoma vs. NCC. Giant tuberculomas can mimic intracerebral tumors on MRI imaging. With characteristic MRI appearances and no accompanied clinical and laboratory findings for TB, it is difficult to differentiate it from CNS tumors such as lymphoma and glioblastoma multiformae.[1],[2],[3],[7],[20],[21],[22] On MRS elevated lipid peak, cholesterol ester, plasmalogen, and phenolic glycolipids are seen, which can help differentiate tuberculomas from malignant tumors and other conditions.[12] Lipid peak in MRS in the context of a ring enhancing lesion is very much specific for tuberculoma and has not been seen in any cases of NCC, the other common differential diagnosis of a ring enhancing lesion. Other findings are reduction in N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and creatinine and a choline/creatinine ratio of >1.[23],[24],[25],[26],[27],[28]
NCC will show a high lactate peak and proteins such as alanine, succinate, glutamate, glycine levels with some reduction of NAA, and creatinine.[29] In pyogenic brain abscess elevated levels of amino-acid peaks help differentiate it from tuberculoma or tubercular brain abscesses. A high choline peak is seen in MRS in case of tumors, primary or secondary, because of very high cellular turnover.[1],[29]
Till date, only a few “giant tuberculomas” mimicking mass lesions are reported. Most of them had secondary pulmonary involvement and occurred in immunocompromised patients.[30] Primary cerebellar tuberculoma is rare in immunologically competent patient like in our cases.
Binesh et al.[8] reported a case of isolated cerebellar tuberculoma in a 42-year-old female. Based on imaging, the lesion was reported as a neoplastic mass and underwent surgery for the same. Biopsy showed granulomatous reaction with central caseation confirming tuberculoma.
Parihar et al.[12] reported a case of large infratentorial extra-axial mass lesion attached to the tentorium in a 3-year-old girl child with differential diagnosis of meningioma, lymphoma, sarcoidosis, and metastatic tumor. Histopathology turned out to be tuberculoma. Patient did well on antitubercular treatment and was asymptomatic at 1-year follow-up.
Sumer et al.[30] in their report of a 66-year-old patient comment on how giant tuberculoma can mimic brain tumors. This patient had a large cerebellar mass (4 cm × 2.5 cm) and a small nodular enhancing lesion in another cerebellar hemisphere. With a pre-diagnosis of brain tumor, surgery was performed and on histopathology it turned out to be granulomatous lesion (tuberculoma).
Satyarthee[31] reported an extra-giant tuberculoma with considerable mass effect in an 11-year-old child, located in frontal lobe with a strong suspicion of a neoplastic mass and was advised surgery. However, patient refused surgery and was kept on antitubercular and anti-edema medication. They report a drastic improvement in 6 months.
Treatment
Medical approach is primary treatment modality. There has been no consensus regarding the duration of treatment of tuberculoma.[6],[32],[33] Few of the cases in present study were treated for extended course of up to 24 months. However, most of the cases (80%) showed complete clearance within 18 months.
Looking at these favorable outcomes, mostly among those who presented early, we suggest the use of empirical anti-tubercular therapy in endemic areas after presumptive diagnosis.
However, urgent surgical intervention may be needed in cases of giant tuberculoma to relieve symptoms due to mass effect and in cases of paradoxical response to antitubercular treatment.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Mukherjee S, Das R, Begum S Tuberculoma of the brain: a diagnostic dilemma: magnetic resonance spectroscopy a new ray of hope. J Assoc Chest Physicians 2015;3:3-8.  |
| 2. | Chatterjee S Brain tuberculomas, tubercular meningitis, and post-tubercular hydrocephalus in children. J Pediatr Neurosci 2011;6:S96-S100. |
| 3. | Simsek H, Kutiay M, Colak A, Haholu A, Kaya H, Ozyurt M Mehmet Nusret DEMIRCAN concomitant tubercular and fungal cerebellar abscess in an immunocompromised girl. Turkish Neurosurg 2013;23:88-94. |
| 4. | Saxena S, Prakash M, Kumar S, Gupta RK Comparative evaluation of magnetization transfer contrast and fluid attenuated inversion recovery sequences in brain tuberculoma. Clin Radiol 2005;60:787-93. |
| 5. | Chakraborty AK Prevalence and incidence of tuberculosis infection and disease in India: a comprehensive review. WHO/TB/97.231. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1997. pp. 1‐26. |
| 6. | Idris MN, Sokrab TE, Arbab MA, Ahmed AE, El Rasoul H, Ali S, et al. Tuberculoma of the brain: a series of 16 cases treated with anti-tuberculosis drugs. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007;11:91-5. |
| 7. | Nabiuni M, Sarvarian S Primary cerebellar tuberculoma in Arnold-Chiari malformation mimicking posterior cranial fossa tumor: the first report. Global Spine J 2011;1:19-22. |
| 8. | Binesh F, Taghipour Zahir S, Roshan Bovanlu T Isolated cerebellar tuberculoma mimicking posterior cranial fossa tumour. BMJ Case Rep2013. doi:10.1136/bcr-2013–009965 |
| 9. | Henry M, Holzman RS Tuberculosis of the brain, meninges and spinal cord. In: Rom WN, Garay SM, editors. Tuberculosis. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincot Williams and Wilkins; 2004. pp. 445-64. |
| 10. | Radhakrishnan K, Kishore A, Mathurnath PS Neurological tuberculosis. In: Sharma SK, Mohan A, editors. Tuberculosis. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers; 2009. pp. 209-28. |
| 11. | Thwaites GE, Schoeman JF Update on tuberculosis of the central nervous system: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Chest Med 2009;30:745-54, ix. |
| 12. | Parihar V, Yadav YR, Sharma D Giant extra-axial posterior fossa tuberculoma in a three-year-old child. Neurol India 2009;57:218-20. |
| 13. | Tena-Suck M, Collado-Ortiz MA, Rembao-Bojórquez D, Gestista N, García-Marquez A Coexistence between meningioma and tuberculosis: case report. J Neurooncol 2010;99:289‐94. |
| 14. | Garg RK Diagnosis of intracranial tuberculoma. Ind J Tub 1996;43:35‐9. |
| 15. | Shetty G, Avabratha KS, Rai BS Ring-enhancing lesions in the brain: a diagnostic dilemma. Iran J Child Neurol 2014;8: 61-4. |
| 16. | Lwakatare FA, Gabone J Imaging features of brain tuberculoma in Tanzania: case report and literature review. Afr Health Sci 2003;3:131-5. |
| 17. | Adam A, Dixon A, Gilard JH, Schaefer-prokop CM, editors. Grainger and Allison’s diagnostic radiology: a textbook of medical imaging. 6th ed. China: Churchill Livingstone; 2014. |
| 18. | Verma R, Gupta R Multiple ring‐enhancing lesions: diagnostic dilemma between neurocysticercosis and tuberculoma. BMJ Case Rep 2014;10.1136/bcr-2013-202528. |
| 19. | Wasay M, Kheleani BA, Moolani MK, Zaheer J, Pui M, Hasan S, et al. Brain CT and MRI findings in 100 consecutive patients with intracranial tuberculoma. J Neuroimaging 2003;13:240-7. |
| 20. | Kumar Garg R, Kumar Singh M, Misra S Single-enhancing CT lesions in Indian patients with seizures: a review. Epilepsy Res 2000;38:91-104. |
| 21. | Rajshekhar V, Haran RP, Prakash GS, Chandy MJ Differentiating solitary small cysticercus granulomas and tuberculomas in patients with epilepsy. Clinical and computerized tomographic criteria. J Neurosurg 1993;78:402-7. |
| 22. | Sonmez G, Ozturk E, Sildiroglu HO, Mutlu H, Cuce F, Senol MG, et al. MRI findings of intracranial tuberculomas. Clin Imaging 2008;32:88-92. |
| 23. | Seth R, Kalra V, Sharma U, Jagannathan N Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in ring enhancing lesions. Indian Pediatr 2010;47:803-4. |
| 24. | Khanna PC, Godinho S, Patkar DP, Pungavkar SA, Lawande MA MR spectroscopy-aided differentiation: “giant” extra-axial tuberculoma masquerading as meningioma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27:1438-40. |
| 25. | Trivedi R, Saksena S, Gupta RK Magnetic resonance imaging in central nervous system tuberculosis. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2009;19:256-65. |
| 26. | Pretell EJ, Martinot C Jr, Garcia HH, Alvarado M, Bustos JA, Martinot C; Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. Differential diagnosis between cerebral tuberculosis and neurocysticercosis by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2005;29:112-4. |
| 27. | Santy K, Nan P, Chantana Y, Laurent D, Nadal D, Richner B The diagnosis of brain tuberculoma by (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Eur J Pediatr 2011;170:379-87. |
| 28. | Gutch M, Jain N, Agrawal A, Modi A MR spectroscopy in tuberculoma of brain. BMJ Case Rep 2012; 10.1136/bcr.08.2011.4712. |
| 29. | Pandit S, Lin A, Gahbauer H, Libertin CR, Erdogan B MR spectroscopy in neurocysticercosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2001;25:950-2. |
| 30. | Sumer S, Koktekir E, Demir NA, Akdemir G Intracranial giant tuberculoma mimicking brain tumor: a case report. Turk Neurosurg 2015;25:337-9. |
| 31. | Satyarthee GD Giant intracerebral tuberculoma with complete disappearance on antitubercular therapy alone in a pediatric case: a case illustration with review of management strategy. J Pediatr Neurosci 2017;12:180-4. |
| 32. | Wood M, Anderson M Chronic meningitis. In: Neurological infections: major problems in neurology. Vol. 16. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1998. pp. 169‐248. |
| 33. | Styblo K The elimination of tuberculosis in the Netherlands. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis 1990;65:49-55. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5]
[Table 1]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Intracranial Giant Tuberculoma: A 7-Year Institutional Experience and Literature Review |
|
| Srihari Bangalore Gangadhar Swamy, Vinay Jaikumar, Nagarjun Maulyavantham Nagaraj, Sandesh Khandelwal | | Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2023; : 107593 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Basal ganglia tuberculoma mimicking a brain tumor: minimally invasive resection using tubular retractor system |
|
| Xavier Wong-Achi, Luis Ulloa Vallejo, Alberto Valarezo Chuchuca | | Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery. 2022; : 101512 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Tumour-like presentation of brainstem tuberculoma: a lesson learnt |
|
| Chia Ming Yeat, Hairuddin Achmad Sankala, Faizah Mohd Zaki, Shahizon Azura Mohamed Mukari | | BMJ Case Reports. 2022; 15(9): e251672 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Appearance of Giant Intracerebral Tuberculoma: A Retrospective Analysis |
|
| Deb Boruah, Kalyan Sarma, Pallavi Gogoi , Binoy Singh, Bidyut Gogoi, Karuna Hazarika, Barun Sharma , Pranjal Phukan | | Acta medica Lituanica. 2022; 29(2): 19 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
A giant fourth-ventricular tuberculoma mimicking a primary posterior fossa tumor |
|
| Minh Duc Nguyen | | Asian Biomedicine. 2021; 15(4): 191 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Cerebral tuberculoma |
|
| Sami Khairy, Ali Alkhaibary, Salma AlQahtani, Ahmed Alkhani | | IDCases. 2021; 26: e01319 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
